Features
UNODC explains differences between irregular migration and migrant smuggling
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has shed light on the differences between irregular migration and migrant smuggling.
In today’s interconnected world, it said migration is a feature of the lives of millions of people, and one mostly characterized by hope, opportunity and the pursuit of a better life.
The key publication by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Countering Trafficking in Persons and Migrant Smuggling in Mixed Migration Movements”, looks at how emerging challenges related to these crimes, such as the impact of climate change, occur in the context of international migration and provides recommendations to address the specific risks these crimes can pose to migrants globally.
Understanding migration and migrant smuggling
According to the International Organization for Migration, there were approximately 281 million international migrants globally in 2020 – 3.6 per cent of the world’s population – a figure that is three times the estimated number in 1970.
It said migration can be categorized as regular or irregular. Broadly speaking, regular migration is the movement of people across borders in line with the relevant countries’ rules and procedures. Many individuals move abroad to seek education, reunite with family or take up jobs.
Irregular migration is the movement of people that happens outside these legal frameworks. This can include, for instance, entering or staying in a country without proper documentation.
While many people migrate in search of better opportunities, others are forced to leave their homes for tragic reasons: conflict, persecution, violence or natural disaster. According to UNHCR, more than 117 million people were forcibly displaced globally at the end of 2023, including refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced people.
Migrant smuggling is when an individual or a group helps migrants enter a foreign country irregularly in exchange for money or another material benefit.
The largest migration flows tend to be from developing countries to larger economies, such as the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia or France. Migrant smuggling flows tend to follow similar patterns.
UNODC estimates that at least 2.5 million people globally were smuggled in 2016 alone.
So, what is the difference?
Irregular migration and migrant smuggling are two different phenomena. Irregular migration refers to the actions of the migrants themselves, while smuggling refers to those who facilitate illegal entry for profit. Such facilitation is a business for smugglers, who profit from people’s desperation.
Smugglers arrange transport, provide false documents such as fake passports or visas or help migrants cross international borders without proper authorization – for profit.
Migrant smuggling is recognized as a crime under international law, primarily through the UN Migrant Smuggling Protocol.
Irregular entry is not smuggling when migrants cross international borders on their own without authorization.
“The demand for migrant smuggling comes from people’s strong motivation to migrate, for example, due to poverty or war, combined with the lack of legal channels for regular migration, and the difficulty of migrating independently,” said Samantha Munodawafa, Legal Officer at UNODC.
“Corruption, obstacles to freedom of movement and security concerns also fuel demand in many regions.”
Irregular migrants and refugees, especially those who are smuggled, often find themselves in fragile situations. They may not have travel documents, may not speak the local language and may be unsure of their rights in the new country – vulnerabilities that can be exploited by migrant smugglers and other criminals. During their journey and on arrival, smuggled migrants may suffer various forms of violence, abuse and exploitation , ranging from beatings, extortion and rape to disease, detention and even death.
Freeing migration from migrant smuggling
“Restricting regular migration routes does not stop migration, it pushes people who do not have access to those routes into the shadows – into the hands of smugglers,” Munodawafa stressed.
UNODC is part of a group of UN organizations that ensure coordinated support for the implementation of the Global Compact for Migration.
The Compact is a UN agreement to promote safe, orderly and regular migration. Some parts of the agreement are dedicated to practical action against migrant smuggling and human trafficking.
The UNODC paper shows how officials responsible for combating migrant smuggling and human trafficking can stimulate discussion and action among a broader range of actors, mobilize resources and strengthen partnerships to better combat these crimes.
It offers concrete recommendations to promote safe and regular migration in several priority areas, such as climate change and child protection.
Features
UN appoints new senior leadership for UNHCR
The United Nations has announced a new set of senior appointments to the leadership of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), with Secretary-General António Guterres naming Tressa Rae Finerty as Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Antón Leis García as Assistant High Commissioner for Operations, and Edem Wosornu as Assistant High Commissioner for Protection.
The appointments, announced on Saturday, are expected to take effect in the coming weeks.
The three officials will occupy the most senior positions within UNHCR, supporting the High Commissioner in leading the agency’s global response to the protection and assistance of refugees, stateless persons and other people forced to flee their homes.
Welcoming the appointments, UN High Commissioner for Refugees Barham Salih expressed confidence that the incoming officials would strengthen the agency’s response to the growing global displacement crisis.
“I warmly welcome these appointments and look forward to working closely with Tressa, Anton and Edem,” Salih said.
“Their leadership, experience and commitment will be invaluable as UNHCR responds to displacement challenges around the world. Together, we will work to continue strengthening protection, expanding opportunities for self-reliance and pursuing lasting solutions that help refugees rebuild their lives with dignity.”
Finerty, a career member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service, currently serves as Chargé d’Affaires at the United States Mission to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva. She previously served as Deputy Chief of Mission in Geneva and Deputy Executive Secretary in the Office of the U.S. Secretary of State. Her diplomatic career has also included postings at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in New York and embassies in Malaysia, Iraq, Armenia and Thailand. In addition, she has taught refugee policy at New York University and Georgetown University.
Leis García currently heads the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), Spain’s development and humanitarian agency. He has previously held senior positions at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Office of the President of the Spanish Government, and international financial institutions including the African Development Bank and the World Bank Group.
Wosornu currently serves as Director of the Crisis Response Division at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and chairs the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Emergency Directors Group. She has held several senior headquarters and field positions within OCHA and began her United Nations career as an intern at UNHCR before working in the private legal sector in the United Kingdom.
The newly appointed officials will replace Kelly T. Clements, Deputy High Commissioner; Raouf Mazou, Assistant High Commissioner for Operations; and Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, Assistant High Commissioner for Protection, whose terms are coming to an end.
Paying tribute to the outgoing leaders, Salih praised their contributions to the agency’s humanitarian mission.
“The organization owes a profound debt of gratitude to Kelly, Raouf and Ruven for their exceptional service and dedication,” he said. “Their leadership has strengthened UNHCR’s ability to protect and assist millions of displaced and stateless people around the world.”
Features
Sixth batch of Nigerians stranded in South Africa return home
The final batch of 40 stranded Nigerians evacuated from South Africa has arrived at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) in Lagos, bringing to a close the Federal Government’s evacuation exercise that returned a total of 1,174 citizens.
The returnees landed on Friday night aboard a chartered Air Peace flight, marking the sixth and final phase of the evacuation programme.
In a statement issued on Saturday, the Director of Media, Public Relations and Protocols of the Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NiDCOM), Abdur-Rahman Balogun, said the exercise was carried out through six flights operated by Air Peace and ValueJet.
According to the commission, the first five batches brought home 258, 266, 262, 282 and 66 Nigerians, while the final chartered Air Peace flight evacuated the remaining 40 stranded citizens.
Balogun said the returnees expressed appreciation to President Bola Tinubu for approving the evacuation from South Africa. They also thanked the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, the Acting Nigerian Ambassador to South Africa, Temitope Alexander-Ajayi, and NiDCOM Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Abike Dabiri-Erewa, for facilitating their safe return.
The evacuees were received at the airport by NiDCOM officials, who also announced a series of support packages from government agencies, corporate organisations and individuals.
According to the statement, Governor Hope Uzodimma of Imo State approved a grant of N1 million for each returnee from the state. Telecommunications company MTN also donated free SIM packs with N50,000 worth of data and pledged to credit each returnee’s bank account with N100,000.
Officials from the Edo and Delta State governments similarly announced assistance for their indigenes among the evacuees.
The commission added that the JAAL Foundation pledged empowerment support for 50 female returnees, while the General Overseer of Omega Power Ministries Worldwide, Apostle Dr Chibuzor Gift Chinwe, was commended for providing free accommodation for about 52 returnees, skills acquisition opportunities for their families and free education for their children up to university level.
The returnees also acknowledged Pastor Bolaji Idowu of Harvesters Church for donating N100,000 each to 66 evacuees, while real estate firm Cruxstone provided financial support to the first batch of returnees.
Balogun said officials of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI), the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS), the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) and other security agencies were present at the airport to receive and document the returnees.
“The returnees were full of gratitude for the donations, support and warm welcome received,” the statement said.
Features
EU Pact offers hope for better migration management and fairer asylum systems- IOM, UNHCR
The UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, and the UN Migration Agency, IOM have welcomed the entry into force today of the European Union’s Pact on Migration and Asylum as an opportunity to move beyond crisis-driven responses and implement a more predictable, fair and effective approach to the issues across Europe.
EU Member States should seize this moment to strengthen migration management and refugee protection while advancing solidarity and responsibility-sharing in line with European values and international obligations, the agencies’ chiefs said.
“The Pact’s entry into full effect today is an important step toward a more predictable and coherent European migration system. What matters now is steady implementation over time that is effective, humane, sustainably resourced and grounded in cooperation,” said Amy Pope, Director General of the International Organization for Migration. “The priority is turning the reforms into practical results for States, communities, and people on the move.”
The Pact aims to make EU asylum systems more efficient and consistent, offering a structured framework for Member State cooperation. This can reduce backlogs while maintaining the quality of assessments, provide greater certainty for asylum-seekers, and enable refugees to begin rebuilding their lives and contributing to their communities sooner.
“This Pact is an important step in the right direction, advancing shared responsibility and more predictable, sustainable approaches across the European Union,” said Barham Salih, UN High Commissioner for Refugees. “UNHCR stands ready to support all Member States in strengthening asylum systems – ensuring access to protection for those in need, upholding human rights and dignity, and enabling safe, lawful and dignified returns for those not in need of international protection.”
IOM and UNHCR welcome the EU’s renewed focus on partnerships with all affected countries. Reducing irregular movements means addressing root causes, ensuring access to protection, tackling smuggling networks, and enabling safe, regular pathways. The organizations will continue to support route-based approaches that ensure policies deliver on protection, dignity and shared responsibility, while contributing to sustainable solutions that benefit both countries and communities along migration routes.
UNHCR and IOM welcome several key elements of the Pact, including earlier identification of people with specific needs, strengthened legal assistance, and new independent monitoring mechanisms at external borders. Returns of those with no legal right to stay must be both effective and humane. Alongside enforcement, they should ensure access to informed voluntary return, early case management, and reintegration support, working with countries of origin, transit and first asylum as part of a balanced approach that upholds dignity and fundamental rights.
These measures can help ensure that asylum processing and return procedures are faster and fairer, reducing uncertainty for asylum-seekers while strengthening public confidence in the migration and asylum system.
UNHCR and IOM stress that implementation will be the decisive test. Procedures must be carried out with adequate safeguards to ensure that no one is returned or transferred to a situation where they may face persecution, conflict or other forms of serious harm.
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