Features
Climate change, conflict, political unrest: Mozambique’s triple crisis explained
A convergence of crises in Mozambique is forcing people to flee their homes, often multiple times, and complicating efforts to assist them.

Mazamo Itabile and his family had to flee their home in northern Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado Province as it was destroyed by Cyclone Chido on 15 December. © UNHCR/Isadora Zoni
Post-election unrest since October has forced thousands of Mozambicans and refugees to flee their homes. Additional displacement and misery have come in the wake of Cyclone Chido and Cyclone Dikeledi, which have left trails of destruction across the north of the country since December. Repeated climate shocks like these have added to the suffering of vulnerable populations, including people already displaced by the ongoing armed conflict in northern Cabo Delgado Province.
What is at the root of Mozambique’s displacement crisis?
Since 2017, non-state armed groups have been launching attacks on towns and villages in Cabo Delgado, forcing over 1 million people to flee their homes. After initially seeking refuge in safer areas of the province like Pemba, Metuge, and Montepuez, recurring waves of violence have forced some families to flee multiple times. With their homes and livelihoods completely destroyed and armed groups still active, returning home is not an option for many people. Meanwhile, the communities hosting them are increasingly stretched to the limit.
How has climate change made the situation worse?
Mozambique is among the countries most impacted by the climate crisis. Cyclones, floods, and droughts have uprooted hundreds of thousands of people in recent years. For families in northern Mozambique, including refugees and those displaced by conflict, the extreme weather has made them even more vulnerable. Since 2019, storms have become increasingly intense and frequent. Cyclone Freddy, the longest-lasting tropical cyclone on record, devastated eight provinces in early 2023, displacing 184,000 people and leaving 1.1 million in need of aid. Flooding and droughts are threatening livelihoods, particularly for the majority of displaced people and their host communities reliant on farming.

© UNHCR
Mazamo Itabile and his family were first displaced from their village in Macomia in Cabo Delgado by Cyclone Kenneth in 2019. Just months later, attacks by non-state armed groups forced them to flee again, this time to Metuge District. Over the years, they worked hard to rebuild their lives. Mazamo, a former fisherman, learned masonry to support his family and saved enough to construct a modest three-bedroom house in Mieze.
“Life wasn’t easy, but we managed,” Mazamo recalls. “The children could go to school, and we had a roof over our heads.”
This fragile sense of stability was shattered when Cyclone Chido made landfall in northern Mozambique on 15 December 2024. The intense tropical storm left a trail of destruction across Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Niassa Provinces, affecting over 450,000 people and completely or partially destroying more than 100,000 homes, as well as schools, health centres and roads.

© UNHCR
“It was strong, so strong that the house was dancing,” says Sonia, Mazamo’s eldest daughter. “Then the roof was ripped off, and the house crumbled.” The family fled in the middle of the night, braving relentless winds and flying debris. By morning, they had lost everything once again.
Marcelo, Mazamo’s 16-year-old son, fears his dream of being the first in the family to attend university may no longer be possible. “I want to study, but I have nothing,” he says, holding the few water-damaged books he managed to save.
With the cyclone season lasting until March, additional storms are expected. Cyclone Dikeledi, which made landfall this week, affected an additional 30,000 people, destroying homes, schools and churches in its path.

Marcelo’s rain-damaged school work after the storm.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Marcelo, Mazamo’s 16-year-old son, holds up a notebook he salvaged from the family home after it was mostly destroyed by Cyclone Chido.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Mazamo shows where the wind blew part of his roof into a tree on the night of the cyclone.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Marcelo’s rain-damaged school work after the storm.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Marcelo, Mazamo’s 16-year-old son, holds up a notebook he salvaged from the family home after it was mostly destroyed by Cyclone Chido.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Mazamo shows where the wind blew part of his roof into a tree on the night of the cyclone.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni

Marcelo’s rain-damaged school work after the storm.
© UNHCR/Isadora Zoni
How are political tensions driving more displacement?
The contested 9 October presidential election has fueled protests and unrest, pushing almost 8,000 people from Mozambique to seek refuge in Malawi and Eswatini.
In Eswatini, the new arrivals are being sheltered at the Malindza Refugee Reception Centre, which is now critically overcrowded. Those arriving in Malawi report fleeing attacks and looting, then hiding in the bush before crossing the Shire River. UNHCR is distributing tents, blankets, and hygiene kits to displaced families, but resources are limited. The EmaSwati and Malawians have warmly welcomed the refugees, but with resources stretched thin, additional support is crucial.
Mozambique itself is home to nearly 25,000 refugees and asylum-seekers. One third of them reside in the Maratane refugee settlement, in northern Nampula Province. They have also been impacted by the political unrest. Over 1,000 refugees and asylum-seekers fled to Maratane settlement in late December after the destruction and looting of many shops and businesses, including those owned by refugees.
How has the unrest impacted humanitarian efforts and UNHCR’s response?
The continuing insecurity has hampered efforts to deliver aid and rebuild critical infrastructure destroyed by Cyclone Chido.
Violence and looting have disrupted efforts to distribute food and shelter in several districts in Cabo Delgado while in several areas in Nampula and Cabo Delgado, humanitarian access has been hindered by the security situation.
Ahead of the cyclone’s landfall, however, the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, supported the Government, together with other UN agencies and NGOs to warn communities to prepare for the disaster. Within 48 hours after the cyclone, UNHCR was on the ground, distributing tarpaulins and blankets and referring the most vulnerable for psychosocial support. UNHCR’s response has also included working with local partners to ensure displaced people in remote areas receive support even where access is difficult due to the post-election tensions, attacks by non-state armed groups and cyclone-damaged roads.

Mazamo’s oldest daughter, Sonia, receives relief items from a UNHCR staff member.
© UNHCR/Joaquim Jamal
Mazamo and his family are among those who have received assistance from UNHCR, including tarpaulins and blankets. Yet the road to recovery will be long. “This house; it was everything,” Mazamo says, gesturing to the remains of his home. “Now, we begin again.”
As Mozambique deals with the overlapping impacts of conflict, climate shocks, and political tensions, more international support is vital and UNHCR is in need of additional resources to be able to increase support to the affected communities. Last year’s humanitarian response plan for Mozambique was only 40 per cent funded.
Features
UN appoints new senior leadership for UNHCR
The United Nations has announced a new set of senior appointments to the leadership of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), with Secretary-General António Guterres naming Tressa Rae Finerty as Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Antón Leis García as Assistant High Commissioner for Operations, and Edem Wosornu as Assistant High Commissioner for Protection.
The appointments, announced on Saturday, are expected to take effect in the coming weeks.
The three officials will occupy the most senior positions within UNHCR, supporting the High Commissioner in leading the agency’s global response to the protection and assistance of refugees, stateless persons and other people forced to flee their homes.
Welcoming the appointments, UN High Commissioner for Refugees Barham Salih expressed confidence that the incoming officials would strengthen the agency’s response to the growing global displacement crisis.
“I warmly welcome these appointments and look forward to working closely with Tressa, Anton and Edem,” Salih said.
“Their leadership, experience and commitment will be invaluable as UNHCR responds to displacement challenges around the world. Together, we will work to continue strengthening protection, expanding opportunities for self-reliance and pursuing lasting solutions that help refugees rebuild their lives with dignity.”
Finerty, a career member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service, currently serves as Chargé d’Affaires at the United States Mission to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva. She previously served as Deputy Chief of Mission in Geneva and Deputy Executive Secretary in the Office of the U.S. Secretary of State. Her diplomatic career has also included postings at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in New York and embassies in Malaysia, Iraq, Armenia and Thailand. In addition, she has taught refugee policy at New York University and Georgetown University.
Leis García currently heads the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), Spain’s development and humanitarian agency. He has previously held senior positions at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Office of the President of the Spanish Government, and international financial institutions including the African Development Bank and the World Bank Group.
Wosornu currently serves as Director of the Crisis Response Division at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and chairs the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Emergency Directors Group. She has held several senior headquarters and field positions within OCHA and began her United Nations career as an intern at UNHCR before working in the private legal sector in the United Kingdom.
The newly appointed officials will replace Kelly T. Clements, Deputy High Commissioner; Raouf Mazou, Assistant High Commissioner for Operations; and Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, Assistant High Commissioner for Protection, whose terms are coming to an end.
Paying tribute to the outgoing leaders, Salih praised their contributions to the agency’s humanitarian mission.
“The organization owes a profound debt of gratitude to Kelly, Raouf and Ruven for their exceptional service and dedication,” he said. “Their leadership has strengthened UNHCR’s ability to protect and assist millions of displaced and stateless people around the world.”
Features
Sixth batch of Nigerians stranded in South Africa return home
The final batch of 40 stranded Nigerians evacuated from South Africa has arrived at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) in Lagos, bringing to a close the Federal Government’s evacuation exercise that returned a total of 1,174 citizens.
The returnees landed on Friday night aboard a chartered Air Peace flight, marking the sixth and final phase of the evacuation programme.
In a statement issued on Saturday, the Director of Media, Public Relations and Protocols of the Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NiDCOM), Abdur-Rahman Balogun, said the exercise was carried out through six flights operated by Air Peace and ValueJet.
According to the commission, the first five batches brought home 258, 266, 262, 282 and 66 Nigerians, while the final chartered Air Peace flight evacuated the remaining 40 stranded citizens.
Balogun said the returnees expressed appreciation to President Bola Tinubu for approving the evacuation from South Africa. They also thanked the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, the Acting Nigerian Ambassador to South Africa, Temitope Alexander-Ajayi, and NiDCOM Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Abike Dabiri-Erewa, for facilitating their safe return.
The evacuees were received at the airport by NiDCOM officials, who also announced a series of support packages from government agencies, corporate organisations and individuals.
According to the statement, Governor Hope Uzodimma of Imo State approved a grant of N1 million for each returnee from the state. Telecommunications company MTN also donated free SIM packs with N50,000 worth of data and pledged to credit each returnee’s bank account with N100,000.
Officials from the Edo and Delta State governments similarly announced assistance for their indigenes among the evacuees.
The commission added that the JAAL Foundation pledged empowerment support for 50 female returnees, while the General Overseer of Omega Power Ministries Worldwide, Apostle Dr Chibuzor Gift Chinwe, was commended for providing free accommodation for about 52 returnees, skills acquisition opportunities for their families and free education for their children up to university level.
The returnees also acknowledged Pastor Bolaji Idowu of Harvesters Church for donating N100,000 each to 66 evacuees, while real estate firm Cruxstone provided financial support to the first batch of returnees.
Balogun said officials of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI), the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS), the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) and other security agencies were present at the airport to receive and document the returnees.
“The returnees were full of gratitude for the donations, support and warm welcome received,” the statement said.
Features
EU Pact offers hope for better migration management and fairer asylum systems- IOM, UNHCR
The UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, and the UN Migration Agency, IOM have welcomed the entry into force today of the European Union’s Pact on Migration and Asylum as an opportunity to move beyond crisis-driven responses and implement a more predictable, fair and effective approach to the issues across Europe.
EU Member States should seize this moment to strengthen migration management and refugee protection while advancing solidarity and responsibility-sharing in line with European values and international obligations, the agencies’ chiefs said.
“The Pact’s entry into full effect today is an important step toward a more predictable and coherent European migration system. What matters now is steady implementation over time that is effective, humane, sustainably resourced and grounded in cooperation,” said Amy Pope, Director General of the International Organization for Migration. “The priority is turning the reforms into practical results for States, communities, and people on the move.”
The Pact aims to make EU asylum systems more efficient and consistent, offering a structured framework for Member State cooperation. This can reduce backlogs while maintaining the quality of assessments, provide greater certainty for asylum-seekers, and enable refugees to begin rebuilding their lives and contributing to their communities sooner.
“This Pact is an important step in the right direction, advancing shared responsibility and more predictable, sustainable approaches across the European Union,” said Barham Salih, UN High Commissioner for Refugees. “UNHCR stands ready to support all Member States in strengthening asylum systems – ensuring access to protection for those in need, upholding human rights and dignity, and enabling safe, lawful and dignified returns for those not in need of international protection.”
IOM and UNHCR welcome the EU’s renewed focus on partnerships with all affected countries. Reducing irregular movements means addressing root causes, ensuring access to protection, tackling smuggling networks, and enabling safe, regular pathways. The organizations will continue to support route-based approaches that ensure policies deliver on protection, dignity and shared responsibility, while contributing to sustainable solutions that benefit both countries and communities along migration routes.
UNHCR and IOM welcome several key elements of the Pact, including earlier identification of people with specific needs, strengthened legal assistance, and new independent monitoring mechanisms at external borders. Returns of those with no legal right to stay must be both effective and humane. Alongside enforcement, they should ensure access to informed voluntary return, early case management, and reintegration support, working with countries of origin, transit and first asylum as part of a balanced approach that upholds dignity and fundamental rights.
These measures can help ensure that asylum processing and return procedures are faster and fairer, reducing uncertainty for asylum-seekers while strengthening public confidence in the migration and asylum system.
UNHCR and IOM stress that implementation will be the decisive test. Procedures must be carried out with adequate safeguards to ensure that no one is returned or transferred to a situation where they may face persecution, conflict or other forms of serious harm.
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