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ANALYSIS: African countries should resist Europe’s assertive migration diplomacy

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Migrant boat used to illustrate the story [Photo credit: CBC]

European leaders distance themselves from Trump’s hardline immigration tactics, but how different are their approaches?

byAimée-Noël Mbiyozo

Since the 2015 ‘migration crisis’, Europe has pressured African countries into tightening their border security and accepting returned migrants, irrespective of whether these policies are in Africa’s best interest.

And although many European leaders distance themselves from President Donald Trump’s recent immigration tactics, they are parroting some United States’ methods and pursuing previously failed measures through increasingly heavy-handed diplomacy.

Such measures won’t slow migration in the medium and long term. Instead, they could deepen instability in African countries, undermine democracy and transparency and contribute to migration drivers.

On 2 February, United Kingdom (UK) Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper visited Ethiopia to ‘set out new cooperation on illegal migration from the Horn of Africa.’ The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) said around 30 per cent of people crossing the English Channel on small boats in the past two years were from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. In 2024/25, the Home Office granted 99 per cent of Sudanese and 87 per cent of Eritrean asylum seekers protection at first instance.

The visit sought to reduce illegal migration by deepening partnerships with source and transit countries, cooperating to tackle smuggling gangs that organise illegal migration, and speeding up the return of Ethiopians from the UK. The measures came with an undisclosed funding amount and agreements for the two countries’ law enforcement agencies to work more closely together.

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To ‘tackle the economic drivers of illegal migration,’ Ms Cooper signed a $400 million Joint Development Agreement to advance two electricity transmission projects, and a job-creation memorandum of understanding with Ethiopia’s Finance Ministry. She announced £17 million in humanitarian funding.

The UK did not publicly mention the Ethiopian government’s role in the 2020-22 Tigray blockade and subsequent humanitarian crisis, which it had previously criticised. Nor did it address the conflict, persecution and humanitarian crises driving migration from Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan.

Net migration into the UK has fallen from its post-Brexit/COVID-19 peak (908,000 from June 2022-23) to 204 000 (June 2024-25), consistent with levels during the 2010s. In the year ending June 2025, 670,000 non-EU citizens arrived; only 43,309 (6%) by small boat. Most (69%) arrivals were for work and study; 96,000 claimed asylum.

Despite the UK’s relatively manageable migration numbers, regular arrivals and rising labour needs, migration is highly politicised and disproportionately focused on the asylum system. Leaders are under electoral pressure to demonstrate control over arrivals and removals. An active parliamentary petition calling for offshore detention and mass deportation has almost 700,000 signatures, and immigration has overtaken the economy as voters’ top concern.

In November 2025, Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood said the immigration system was ‘not working’ and announced sweeping reforms to curb small boat arrivals, ramp up deportations and end government support of asylum hotels.

Reforms include proposals to repeal asylum seeker benefits, make refugee status temporary, and mandate 30-month reviews of whether conditions are safe to return home. Proposals include extending citizenship eligibility from five years to 20, speeding up deportations of failed asylum seekers, and making it harder to use the European Convention on Human Rights to stop deportations.

In December, the interior ministry imposed visa restrictions on the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It threatened penalties against Namibians and Angolans, saying their governments were refusing to cooperate on deportations of undocumented migrants and criminals. The threats succeeded. In February, the ministry secured cooperation from all three countries and issued warnings to other uncooperative states.

In 2024, only 32 per cent of the UK’s forced removals and 25 per cent of voluntary removals were asylum-related. The highest number of returns in the year ending September 2025 was to Albania, followed by Brazil and India.

The focus on externalising asylum and enforcing returns to Africa is not new. In 2022, the UK brokered a deal to give Rwanda financial assistance in exchange for Rwanda’s acceptance of ‘tens of thousands’ of asylum seekers for processing.

Only four volunteer asylum seekers arrived in Rwanda before the Labour government cancelled the agreement soon after the 2024 elections. On 28 January this year, Rwanda filed a £100 million international arbitration case against the UK, arguing (among other things) that two payments of £50 million remain outstanding.

The EU is similarly pushing through its most restrictive migration rules yet, including detention centres outside the EU and simpler, faster deportations. They also include harsher penalties for those not complying with return orders, a list of ‘safe countries’ that can be fast-tracked through asylum systems, using ‘assertive migration diplomacy’ and downgrading relations with uncooperative countries.

Amnesty International has criticised the EU reforms, saying they mirror the ‘harrowing dehumanising and unlawful mass arrests, detention and deportations to the US.’

Spain, in contrast, announced a regularisation scheme for all irregular migrants who have been in the country for over five months and have no criminal record. Between 500,000 and 800,000 migrants are expected to benefit; nearly 90 per cent of whom are from Latin America.

Since the 1990s, European countries have conducted over 40 migrant regularisation schemes. These enable migrants to work and live legally, contribute to the labour force and tax base, and return home when needed. They are also easier for law enforcement and immigration to track. But these schemes have largely been abandoned.

Africa is affected by multiple conflicts and crises that are driving people from their homes. Wilfully conflating asylum and migration, and coercing African cooperation on detention and forced deportation to appease anti-migrant sentiments in Europe, worsens migration drivers.

European leaders should consider what they are willing to sacrifice to achieve short-term ‘gains’ – and African countries should resist the latest tactics.

Aimée-Noël Mbiyozo, Senior Research Consultant, Migration, Institute for Security Studies (ISS) Pretoria

This article was first published by ISS Today, 

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UN appoints new senior leadership for UNHCR

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The United Nations has announced a new set of senior appointments to the leadership of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), with Secretary-General António Guterres naming Tressa Rae Finerty as Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Antón Leis García as Assistant High Commissioner for Operations, and Edem Wosornu as Assistant High Commissioner for Protection.

The appointments, announced on Saturday, are expected to take effect in the coming weeks.

The three officials will occupy the most senior positions within UNHCR, supporting the High Commissioner in leading the agency’s global response to the protection and assistance of refugees, stateless persons and other people forced to flee their homes.

Welcoming the appointments, UN High Commissioner for Refugees Barham Salih expressed confidence that the incoming officials would strengthen the agency’s response to the growing global displacement crisis.

“I warmly welcome these appointments and look forward to working closely with Tressa, Anton and Edem,” Salih said.

“Their leadership, experience and commitment will be invaluable as UNHCR responds to displacement challenges around the world. Together, we will work to continue strengthening protection, expanding opportunities for self-reliance and pursuing lasting solutions that help refugees rebuild their lives with dignity.”

Finerty, a career member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service, currently serves as Chargé d’Affaires at the United States Mission to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva. She previously served as Deputy Chief of Mission in Geneva and Deputy Executive Secretary in the Office of the U.S. Secretary of State. Her diplomatic career has also included postings at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in New York and embassies in Malaysia, Iraq, Armenia and Thailand. In addition, she has taught refugee policy at New York University and Georgetown University.

Leis García currently heads the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), Spain’s development and humanitarian agency. He has previously held senior positions at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Office of the President of the Spanish Government, and international financial institutions including the African Development Bank and the World Bank Group.

Wosornu currently serves as Director of the Crisis Response Division at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and chairs the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Emergency Directors Group. She has held several senior headquarters and field positions within OCHA and began her United Nations career as an intern at UNHCR before working in the private legal sector in the United Kingdom.

The newly appointed officials will replace Kelly T. Clements, Deputy High Commissioner; Raouf Mazou, Assistant High Commissioner for Operations; and Ruvendrini Menikdiwela, Assistant High Commissioner for Protection, whose terms are coming to an end.

Paying tribute to the outgoing leaders, Salih praised their contributions to the agency’s humanitarian mission.

“The organization owes a profound debt of gratitude to Kelly, Raouf and Ruven for their exceptional service and dedication,” he said. “Their leadership has strengthened UNHCR’s ability to protect and assist millions of displaced and stateless people around the world.”

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Sixth batch of Nigerians stranded in South Africa return home

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The final batch of 40 stranded Nigerians evacuated from South Africa has arrived at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) in Lagos, bringing to a close the Federal Government’s evacuation exercise that returned a total of 1,174 citizens.

The returnees landed on Friday night aboard a chartered Air Peace flight, marking the sixth and final phase of the evacuation programme.

In a statement issued on Saturday, the Director of Media, Public Relations and Protocols of the Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NiDCOM), Abdur-Rahman Balogun, said the exercise was carried out through six flights operated by Air Peace and ValueJet.

According to the commission, the first five batches brought home 258, 266, 262, 282 and 66 Nigerians, while the final chartered Air Peace flight evacuated the remaining 40 stranded citizens.

Balogun said the returnees expressed appreciation to President Bola Tinubu for approving the evacuation from South Africa. They also thanked the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, the Acting Nigerian Ambassador to South Africa, Temitope Alexander-Ajayi, and NiDCOM Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Abike Dabiri-Erewa, for facilitating their safe return.

The evacuees were received at the airport by NiDCOM officials, who also announced a series of support packages from government agencies, corporate organisations and individuals.

According to the statement, Governor Hope Uzodimma of Imo State approved a grant of N1 million for each returnee from the state. Telecommunications company MTN also donated free SIM packs with N50,000 worth of data and pledged to credit each returnee’s bank account with N100,000.

Officials from the Edo and Delta State governments similarly announced assistance for their indigenes among the evacuees.

The commission added that the JAAL Foundation pledged empowerment support for 50 female returnees, while the General Overseer of Omega Power Ministries Worldwide, Apostle Dr Chibuzor Gift Chinwe, was commended for providing free accommodation for about 52 returnees, skills acquisition opportunities for their families and free education for their children up to university level.

The returnees also acknowledged Pastor Bolaji Idowu of Harvesters Church for donating N100,000 each to 66 evacuees, while real estate firm Cruxstone provided financial support to the first batch of returnees.

Balogun said officials of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), the National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons (NCFRMI), the Nigerian Immigration Service (NIS), the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) and other security agencies were present at the airport to receive and document the returnees.

“The returnees were full of gratitude for the donations, support and warm welcome received,” the statement said.

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EU Pact offers hope for better migration management and fairer asylum systems- IOM, UNHCR

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The UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, and the UN Migration Agency, IOM have welcomed the entry into force today of the European Union’s Pact on Migration and Asylum as an opportunity to move beyond crisis-driven responses and implement a more predictable, fair and effective approach to the issues across Europe.

EU Member States should seize this moment to strengthen migration management and refugee protection while advancing solidarity and responsibility-sharing in line with European values and international obligations, the agencies’ chiefs said.

“The Pact’s entry into full effect today is an important step toward a more predictable and coherent European migration system. What matters now is steady implementation over time that is effective, humane, sustainably resourced and grounded in cooperation,” said Amy Pope, Director General of the International Organization for Migration. “The priority is turning the reforms into practical results for States, communities, and people on the move.”

The Pact aims to make EU asylum systems more efficient and consistent, offering a structured framework for Member State cooperation. This can reduce backlogs while maintaining the quality of assessments, provide greater certainty for asylum-seekers, and enable refugees to begin rebuilding their lives and contributing to their communities sooner.

“This Pact is an important step in the right direction, advancing shared responsibility and more predictable, sustainable approaches across the European Union,” said Barham Salih, UN High Commissioner for Refugees. “UNHCR stands ready to support all Member States in strengthening asylum systems – ensuring access to protection for those in need, upholding human rights and dignity, and enabling safe, lawful and dignified returns for those not in need of international protection.”

IOM and UNHCR welcome the EU’s renewed focus on partnerships with all affected countries. Reducing irregular movements means addressing root causes, ensuring access to protection, tackling smuggling networks, and enabling safe, regular pathways. The organizations will continue to support route-based approaches that ensure policies deliver on protection, dignity and shared responsibility, while contributing to sustainable solutions that benefit both countries and communities along migration routes.

UNHCR and IOM welcome several key elements of the Pact, including earlier identification of people with specific needs, strengthened legal assistance, and new independent monitoring mechanisms at external borders. Returns of those with no legal right to stay must be both effective and humane. Alongside enforcement, they should ensure access to informed voluntary return, early case management, and reintegration support, working with countries of origin, transit and first asylum as part of a balanced approach that upholds dignity and fundamental rights.

These measures can help ensure that asylum processing and return procedures are faster and fairer, reducing uncertainty for asylum-seekers while strengthening public confidence in the migration and asylum system.

UNHCR and IOM stress that implementation will be the decisive test. Procedures must be carried out with adequate safeguards to ensure that no one is returned or transferred to a situation where they may face persecution, conflict or other forms of serious harm.

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